Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Poor Weight-Loss Response to Lifestyle Intervention

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Completed 12 weeks of lifestyle intervention treatment with ≤5% weight loss during the treatment period; 2. Completed 12 weeks of lifestyle intervention, with less than 1 month since completion, and achieved ≤5% weight loss during the intervention period; 3. Current body mass index (BMI) ≥28 kg/m², or BMI ≥24 kg/m² with at least one weight-related comorbidity (e.g., hypertension or fatty liver disease); 4. Willingness to provide written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Presence of diseases that may substantially affect body weight homeostasis, including Cushing's syndrome, uncontrolled thyroid disease (thyroid-stimulating hormone \>6.0 mIU/L or \<0.4 mIU/L), malignancy, or similar conditions; 2. Use within the past 3 months of medications that may significantly affect body weight, including glucocorticoids and antipsychotic agents; 3. Skin infection or damage involving the auricular area; 4. Women planning pregnancy in the near future; 5. Inability to complete the 12-week intervention period for practical reasons, such as frequent business travel or planned travel.